Conrad and Demerest argue that these pre-established beliefs were key to the ideological effectiveness of later Inca reforms. The essential beliefs and divinities of the Inca pantheon were widely established in the Andes by the time the empire arose. ![]() ![]() Change was understood as occurring through asymmetries in power between those forces, while pacha, an equilibrium or balance, was struck through ayni, a process of reciprocal exchange. ![]() Their worldview was animistic, and their amautakuna (teachers or sages) taught that the world was suffused with qamaq, meaning "breath" or "life-force". This cosmology was hierarchical and dualistic, with a variety of opposing forces jostling in position through on-going action. Inca ideology was founded on Andean cosmology. Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, certain aspects of these institutions and practices were continued. These institutions and practices were understood, articulated, and elaborated through Andean cosmology and thought. It drew upon the administrative forms and practices of previous Andean civilizations such as the Wari Empire and Tiwanaku, and had in common certain practices with its contemporary rivals, notably the Chimor. "land of the four quarters") or Inca Empire was a centralized bureaucracy. The Tawantinsuyu ( "four parts together" fig.
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